PENGESANAN KENYAHWUJUDAN NAJIS BERDASARKAN KAEDAH ANALISIS PROFIL DNA FORENSIK: SATU ANALISIS HUKUM
Detection of Excrement Degradation Based on Forensic DNA Profiling Method: An Analysis from Fiqh View
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol28no1.3Keywords:
á¹ahÄrah, impurities, clothing, water and washingAbstract
Nowadays, some people have doubts about the ability of washing machine and laundry machine to remove impurities (najīs) because the use of these machines has never been discussed by fuqahā’ in the past. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the existence of impurities after washing according to the method of purification of Shāfi‘i’s madhhab. Three samples of blood, urine and baby stool were used on the clothes. All samples were tested using two methods - the Kestle-Meyer Test (KM-Test) and Forensic DNA Profile Analysis at the Penang State Department of Chemistry Forensic Lab. The results of the KM-Test test on blood samples have shown negative results. While urine samples and baby stools cannot be detected directly. In addition, the DNA profile analysis also showed similar results that before washing, the presence of najis in blood control samples was detected only at 44.80 ng / μl (sample A) and 65. 00 ng / μl (sample B) and after washing, the effect on samples A and B in the laundry wash were only 1.78 ng / μl and 3.28 ng / μl. While in the washing machine, there were only 3.28 ng / µl in sample A and 1.11 ng / µl in sample B. Furthermore, this study concluded that washing machine and laundry machine successfully remove the impurities from clothing.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
‘Alī Jum‘ah, al-Makāyil wa al-Mawāzin al-Shar‘iyyah (Qāhirah: al-Quds li al-Nashr wa al-I‘lān, 2001).
‘Aṭiyyah, ‘Abd al-Ḥasib Sanad, ‘Anwā’ al-Taṭhīr wa Shurūṭuhu,’ http://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/44555/, dicapai pada 14 April 2019.
Abī Dāwud, Sulayman Ibn al-Ash‘ath al-Sijistānī al-‘Azdī, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, ed. Muhammad Muḥy al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, t.t.).
al-Bahūtī, Manṣūr Ibn Yūnus Ibn Idrīs, Kashf al-Qinā‘ an Matn al-Iqnā‘, ed. Ibrāhim Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (Riyāḍ: Dār ‘Alam al-Kutub, 2003).
Budowle B, Eisenberg AJ, van Daal A, ‘Validity of Low Copy Number Typing and Applications to Forensic Science,’ Croatian Medical Journal, vol. 50, no. 3 (2009): 207-217.
al-Bujayrimī, Sulaymān Ibn ‘Umar Ibn Muḥammad, Tuḥfah al-Ḥabīb ‘alā Sharḥ al-Khāṭib (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1995).
al-Bukhārī, Abī ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Ismā‘il al-Ju‘fī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, ed. Muḥammad Zuhayr Ibn Naṣīr (t.t.p.: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāh, 2001).
Dār al-Iftā’ al-Miṣriyyah, ‘Ṭahārah al-Malābis al-Najasah Idhā Wuḍi‘at fī al-Ghasālāt al-Utūmātīkīh,’ http://www.dar-alifta.gov.eg/ar/ViewResearch.aspx? sec=fatwa&ID=151, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Darul Ifta, ‘Washing Clothes via Washing Machine,’ http://daruliftabirmingham.co.uk/washing-clothes-via-the-washing-machine/, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Dimyatī, Abī Bakr ‘Uthmān Muḥammad Shaṭa‘ al-Bakrī, Hāshiyah I‘ānah al-Ṭālibīn (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1997).
Gill P, Whitaker J, Flaxman C, Brown N, Buckleton J, ‘An Investigation of the Rigor of Interpretation Rules for STRs Derived from Less Than 100 pg of DNA,’ Forensic Science International, vol. 112, no. 1 (2000): 17-40.
Glaister, J., ‘The Kastle-Meyer Test for the Detection of Blood: Considered from the Medico-Legal Aspect,’ British Medical Journal, vol 1 (1926): 650-652.
al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Abī ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Maghribī al-Ra’yanī, Mawāhib al-Jalīl li Sharḥ Mukhtaṣṣar Khalīl, ed. Zakariyya ‘Umayrat (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1995).
Ibn ‘Ābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn, Radd al-Muḥtār ‘ala al-Durr al-Mukhtār (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 2000).
Ibn Haytham, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn Ḥajar, Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj bi Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2016).
Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Baḥr al-Rā’iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqā’iq, vol. 1 (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, t.t.).
Ibn Taymiyyah, Abī ‘Abbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm, Majmū‘ al-Fatawā, ed. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Muḥammad dan Muḥammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: Mujamma‘ al-Mālik Fahd li Tibā‘ah al-Mushaf al-Sharīf, 2004).
al-Iftā’, ‘Ḥukm al-Mā’ al-Mutaṭāyir min al-Malābis al-Najasah Athnā’ Ghasalaha,’ https://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2722#.XNDzp zAzYdU, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Islamic Affairs & Cheritable Activities Department, https://services.iacad.gov.ae/ SmartPortal/fatwa/PublishedFatwa/Deatils/26018, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Islamweb.net, ‘Fatwa,’ http://fatwa.islamweb.net, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Jamāl Ṣāliḥ, ‘Wasā’il al-Taṭhīr’ (Risālah al-Majistir fī al-Sharī‘ah al-Islāmiyyah, Jamī‘ah al-Najah al-Waṭāniyyah, Falaṣṭīn, 2001).
John M. Butler, Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology (USA: National Institute of Standads and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2012).
al-Kāf, Ḥasan Aḥmad Muḥammad, al-Taqrīrāt al-Sadīdah fī al-Masā’il al-Mufīdah (Tarim: Dār al-‘Ilm wa al-Da‘wah, 2003).
al-Kasānī, Abū Bakr Ibn Mas‘ūd al-Ḥanāfī, Badā’i‘ al-Ṣana’i‘ fī Tartīb al Sharā’i‘, ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu’awwad & Ādil Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Mawjūd (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003).
Muhammad Hudzari Razali, Syazili Roslan, Muhammad Rahimi Osman, Muhammad Shahril Othman, Zulfakar Aspar & Engku Fadzli Hasan Syed Abdullah, ‘Development of Intelligence Technique in Syariah Compliance Washing Machine via PLC,’ Journal of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 10, no. 2 (2017): 49-58.
Muslim, Abī al-Ḥusayn Muslim Ibn al-Ḥajjāj Ibn al-Qushayrī al-Naysabūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, ed. Muhammad Fu‘ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, al-Majmū‘ Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, Asnā al-Maṭālib fī Sharḥ Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn (T.t.p: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn wa ‘Umdah al-Muftīn (Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-Islāmī, 1991).
Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, ‘Kemusykilan Agama,’ http://kemusykilan.islam.gov.my/?data=O2thdGVnb3JpX2RldGFpbDsxMzE7&page=871 dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
Portal Rasmi Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan, ‘Menyucikan Pakaian Dengan Mesin Basuh,’ http://www.muftiwp.gov.my/index.php/ms-my/perkhidmatan/al-kafili-al-fatawi/1197-al-kafi-311-menyucikan-pakaian dengan-mesin-basuh, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Abī al-‘Abbās Aḥmad Ibn Hamzah Ibn Shihāb al-Dīn, Nihāyah al-Muḥtāj Ila Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003).
al-Rayyashī, Ṣāliḥ Ḥasan, al-Sharḥ al-Manhajī al-Mu‘āṣir li Alfāẓ al-Faqīh Abī Shujā’ al-Shāfi‘ī (Bayrūt: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2013).
Rizuwan Yahaya, Mohd. Huzari Razali, Basri Ibrahim, Mohd Shahril Othman, Noordin Asimi Mohd Noor, Hasbullah Muhammad & Soran Jalal Abdullah, ‘Conceptual Instrumentation of Washing Machine for Conformity to the Islamic Laws of Syarak,’ Scientific Journal of Review, vol. 2, no. 6 (2013): 151-155.
Rozaimi Ramle, ‘Hukum Menggunakan Mesin Basuh Yang Sama Dengan Non-Muslim?’ https://www.facebook.com/DrRozaimiRamle/posts/152342 2311018597, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Ṣan‘ānī, Muḥammad Ibn Ismā‘īl al-Kahlanī Abū Ibrāhim, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Subl al-Salām Sharḥ Bulūgh al-Maram (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, t.t.).
al-Sharbīnī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad al-Khāṭib, Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Ma‘rifātī Ma‘ānī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj, ed. ‘Alī Muhammad Mu‘awwad dan ‘Ādil Ahmad al-Mawjūd (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1994).
al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad Ibn ‘Alī Ibn Muḥammad, Nayl al-Awṭār, ed. ‘Iṣām al-Dīn al-Ṣabābuṭī (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1993).
T.p., ‘Hukum Guna Pakaian Dibasuh dengan Mesin Basuh Automatik,’ Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=A0F29gZu5qA, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
T.p., ‘Hukum Menggunakan Mesin Cuci Baju,’ http://naaimahbtenaaim. blogspot.my/2017/09/hukum-menggunakan-mesin-cuci-baju.html., dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
Wahbah al-Zuḥaylī, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuh (Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr, 1989).
‘Aṭiyyah, ‘Abd al-Ḥasib Sanad, ‘Anwā’ al-Taṭhīr wa Shurūṭuhu,’ http://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/44555/, dicapai pada 14 April 2019.
Abī Dāwud, Sulayman Ibn al-Ash‘ath al-Sijistānī al-‘Azdī, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, ed. Muhammad Muḥy al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, t.t.).
al-Bahūtī, Manṣūr Ibn Yūnus Ibn Idrīs, Kashf al-Qinā‘ an Matn al-Iqnā‘, ed. Ibrāhim Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd (Riyāḍ: Dār ‘Alam al-Kutub, 2003).
Budowle B, Eisenberg AJ, van Daal A, ‘Validity of Low Copy Number Typing and Applications to Forensic Science,’ Croatian Medical Journal, vol. 50, no. 3 (2009): 207-217.
al-Bujayrimī, Sulaymān Ibn ‘Umar Ibn Muḥammad, Tuḥfah al-Ḥabīb ‘alā Sharḥ al-Khāṭib (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1995).
al-Bukhārī, Abī ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Ismā‘il al-Ju‘fī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, ed. Muḥammad Zuhayr Ibn Naṣīr (t.t.p.: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāh, 2001).
Dār al-Iftā’ al-Miṣriyyah, ‘Ṭahārah al-Malābis al-Najasah Idhā Wuḍi‘at fī al-Ghasālāt al-Utūmātīkīh,’ http://www.dar-alifta.gov.eg/ar/ViewResearch.aspx? sec=fatwa&ID=151, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Darul Ifta, ‘Washing Clothes via Washing Machine,’ http://daruliftabirmingham.co.uk/washing-clothes-via-the-washing-machine/, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Dimyatī, Abī Bakr ‘Uthmān Muḥammad Shaṭa‘ al-Bakrī, Hāshiyah I‘ānah al-Ṭālibīn (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1997).
Gill P, Whitaker J, Flaxman C, Brown N, Buckleton J, ‘An Investigation of the Rigor of Interpretation Rules for STRs Derived from Less Than 100 pg of DNA,’ Forensic Science International, vol. 112, no. 1 (2000): 17-40.
Glaister, J., ‘The Kastle-Meyer Test for the Detection of Blood: Considered from the Medico-Legal Aspect,’ British Medical Journal, vol 1 (1926): 650-652.
al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Abī ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Maghribī al-Ra’yanī, Mawāhib al-Jalīl li Sharḥ Mukhtaṣṣar Khalīl, ed. Zakariyya ‘Umayrat (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1995).
Ibn ‘Ābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn, Radd al-Muḥtār ‘ala al-Durr al-Mukhtār (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 2000).
Ibn Haytham, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn Ḥajar, Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj bi Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2016).
Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Baḥr al-Rā’iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqā’iq, vol. 1 (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, t.t.).
Ibn Taymiyyah, Abī ‘Abbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm, Majmū‘ al-Fatawā, ed. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Muḥammad dan Muḥammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: Mujamma‘ al-Mālik Fahd li Tibā‘ah al-Mushaf al-Sharīf, 2004).
al-Iftā’, ‘Ḥukm al-Mā’ al-Mutaṭāyir min al-Malābis al-Najasah Athnā’ Ghasalaha,’ https://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2722#.XNDzp zAzYdU, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Islamic Affairs & Cheritable Activities Department, https://services.iacad.gov.ae/ SmartPortal/fatwa/PublishedFatwa/Deatils/26018, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Islamweb.net, ‘Fatwa,’ http://fatwa.islamweb.net, dicapai pada 18 April 2019.
Jamāl Ṣāliḥ, ‘Wasā’il al-Taṭhīr’ (Risālah al-Majistir fī al-Sharī‘ah al-Islāmiyyah, Jamī‘ah al-Najah al-Waṭāniyyah, Falaṣṭīn, 2001).
John M. Butler, Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology (USA: National Institute of Standads and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2012).
al-Kāf, Ḥasan Aḥmad Muḥammad, al-Taqrīrāt al-Sadīdah fī al-Masā’il al-Mufīdah (Tarim: Dār al-‘Ilm wa al-Da‘wah, 2003).
al-Kasānī, Abū Bakr Ibn Mas‘ūd al-Ḥanāfī, Badā’i‘ al-Ṣana’i‘ fī Tartīb al Sharā’i‘, ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu’awwad & Ādil Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Mawjūd (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003).
Muhammad Hudzari Razali, Syazili Roslan, Muhammad Rahimi Osman, Muhammad Shahril Othman, Zulfakar Aspar & Engku Fadzli Hasan Syed Abdullah, ‘Development of Intelligence Technique in Syariah Compliance Washing Machine via PLC,’ Journal of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 10, no. 2 (2017): 49-58.
Muslim, Abī al-Ḥusayn Muslim Ibn al-Ḥajjāj Ibn al-Qushayrī al-Naysabūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, ed. Muhammad Fu‘ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, al-Majmū‘ Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab (Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, Asnā al-Maṭālib fī Sharḥ Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn (T.t.p: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, t.t.).
al-Nawawī, Abī Zakariyyā Maḥy al-Dīn Ibn Sharf, Rawḍah al-Ṭālibīn wa ‘Umdah al-Muftīn (Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-Islāmī, 1991).
Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, ‘Kemusykilan Agama,’ http://kemusykilan.islam.gov.my/?data=O2thdGVnb3JpX2RldGFpbDsxMzE7&page=871 dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
Portal Rasmi Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan, ‘Menyucikan Pakaian Dengan Mesin Basuh,’ http://www.muftiwp.gov.my/index.php/ms-my/perkhidmatan/al-kafili-al-fatawi/1197-al-kafi-311-menyucikan-pakaian dengan-mesin-basuh, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Abī al-‘Abbās Aḥmad Ibn Hamzah Ibn Shihāb al-Dīn, Nihāyah al-Muḥtāj Ila Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003).
al-Rayyashī, Ṣāliḥ Ḥasan, al-Sharḥ al-Manhajī al-Mu‘āṣir li Alfāẓ al-Faqīh Abī Shujā’ al-Shāfi‘ī (Bayrūt: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2013).
Rizuwan Yahaya, Mohd. Huzari Razali, Basri Ibrahim, Mohd Shahril Othman, Noordin Asimi Mohd Noor, Hasbullah Muhammad & Soran Jalal Abdullah, ‘Conceptual Instrumentation of Washing Machine for Conformity to the Islamic Laws of Syarak,’ Scientific Journal of Review, vol. 2, no. 6 (2013): 151-155.
Rozaimi Ramle, ‘Hukum Menggunakan Mesin Basuh Yang Sama Dengan Non-Muslim?’ https://www.facebook.com/DrRozaimiRamle/posts/152342 2311018597, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
al-Ṣan‘ānī, Muḥammad Ibn Ismā‘īl al-Kahlanī Abū Ibrāhim, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Subl al-Salām Sharḥ Bulūgh al-Maram (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, t.t.).
al-Sharbīnī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad al-Khāṭib, Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Ma‘rifātī Ma‘ānī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj, ed. ‘Alī Muhammad Mu‘awwad dan ‘Ādil Ahmad al-Mawjūd (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1994).
al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad Ibn ‘Alī Ibn Muḥammad, Nayl al-Awṭār, ed. ‘Iṣām al-Dīn al-Ṣabābuṭī (Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1993).
T.p., ‘Hukum Guna Pakaian Dibasuh dengan Mesin Basuh Automatik,’ Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=A0F29gZu5qA, dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
T.p., ‘Hukum Menggunakan Mesin Cuci Baju,’ http://naaimahbtenaaim. blogspot.my/2017/09/hukum-menggunakan-mesin-cuci-baju.html., dicapai pada 15 April 2019.
Wahbah al-Zuḥaylī, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuh (Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr, 1989).
Downloads
Published
2020-04-30
How to Cite
Mahaiyadin, M. H., Suhaimi, R., Mahmood, A., Ismail, N. F., & Mohd Radzi, H. (2020). PENGESANAN KENYAHWUJUDAN NAJIS BERDASARKAN KAEDAH ANALISIS PROFIL DNA FORENSIK: SATU ANALISIS HUKUM: Detection of Excrement Degradation Based on Forensic DNA Profiling Method: An Analysis from Fiqh View. Jurnal Syariah, 28(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol28no1.3
Issue
Section
Articles
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT: All rights reserved. Not allowed to be reproduced any part of articles and contents of this journal in any form or by any way, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without permission in writing from the Chief Editor, Jurnal Syariah.
