DETERMINATION RISK OF BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION PRODUCED BY BETA-RAY
Main Article Content
Abstract
When interacting with absorption materials, beta rays, which are emitted by isotopes, are harmful because bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation is produced. Therefore, the efficiency of a shielding material can be improved by considering the bremsstrahlung radiation generated by the material’s beta ray absorption. In this study, to determine the risk of bremsstrahlung radiation produced by beta rays, the fractions of beta energy transformed into bremsstrahlung radiation were calculated for beta emitters in the energy ranges of 0.0026–0.1734, 0.205–0.694, and 0.9345–2.640 MeV, using five different absorption materials (13Al, 26Fe, 48Cd, 74W, and 82Pb). The relationship between the fractions of beta energy transformed into bremsstrahlung radiation by the five shielding materials and the maximum energies of some beta emitters was studied to determine the most suitable beta-ray shielding materials to effectively minimize bremsstrahlung radiation. The results showed that the fractions of beta energy transformed into bremsstrahlung radiation increased as the beta energy and the atomic number of the shielding material increased. The fraction of beta energy transformed into bremsstrahlung radiation in 13Al ˂ 26Fe ˂ 48Cd ˂ 74W ˂ 82Pb.Therefore, beta ray shields should be made with low atomic number materials to reduce the generation of bremsstrahlung radiation. Practically, beta shields made from materials with atomic numbers greater than 13 are rarely employed; notably, aluminum successfully decreased the production of bremsstrahlung radiation. However, it is also necessary to use materials with medium and high atomic numbers as secondary beta shields to reduce the effect of the bremsstrahlung radiation photons formed by the interaction between beta rays and shielding materials.
Downloads
Article Details
Transfer of Copyrights
- In the event of publication of the manuscript entitled [INSERT MANUSCRIPT TITLE AND REF NO.] in the Malaysian Journal of Science, I hereby transfer copyrights of the manuscript title, abstract and contents to the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) for the full legal term of copyright and any renewals thereof throughout the world in any format, and any media for communication.
Conditions of Publication
- I hereby state that this manuscript to be published is an original work, unpublished in any form prior and I have obtained the necessary permission for the reproduction (or am the owner) of any images, illustrations, tables, charts, figures, maps, photographs and other visual materials of whom the copyrights is owned by a third party.
- This manuscript contains no statements that are contradictory to the relevant local and international laws or that infringes on the rights of others.
- I agree to indemnify the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) in the event of any claims that arise in regards to the above conditions and assume full liability on the published manuscript.
Reviewer’s Responsibilities
- Reviewers must treat the manuscripts received for reviewing process as confidential. It must not be shown or discussed with others without the authorization from the editor of MJS.
- Reviewers assigned must not have conflicts of interest with respect to the original work, the authors of the article or the research funding.
- Reviewers should judge or evaluate the manuscripts objective as possible. The feedback from the reviewers should be express clearly with supporting arguments.
- If the assigned reviewer considers themselves not able to complete the review of the manuscript, they must communicate with the editor, so that the manuscript could be sent to another suitable reviewer.
Copyright: Rights of the Author(s)
- Effective 2007, it will become the policy of the Malaysian Journal of Science (published by the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya) to obtain copyrights of all manuscripts published. This is to facilitate:
(a) Protection against copyright infringement of the manuscript through copyright breaches or piracy.
(b) Timely handling of reproduction requests from authorized third parties that are addressed directly to the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya. - As the author, you may publish the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
You may produce copies of your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, for teaching purposes or to be provided, on individual basis, to fellow researchers. - You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, electronically on a secure network at your affiliated institution, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
- You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, on the World Wide Web, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
- In the event that your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, has been requested to be reproduced, for any purpose or in any form approved by the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers), you will be informed. It is requested that any changes to your contact details (especially e-mail addresses) are made known.
Copyright: Role and responsibility of the Author(s)
- In the event of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science contains materials copyrighted to others prior, it is the responsibility of current author(s) to obtain written permission from the copyright owner or owners.
- This written permission should be submitted with the proof-copy of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science
References
Ahmed Fadhil Mkhaiber and Naz T. Jarallah. (2022) Study the Relationship between Bremsstrahlung Dose Rate and The Energy of Beta Ray for different Types of Shiels", Malaysian Journal of Science, vol.4, no.2, pp. 47-54 ,47.
Alajerami, Y.S., Drabold, D., Mhareb, M.H.A., Cimatu, Katherine Leslee A., Chen, Gang and kurudirek M. (2020), Radiation Shielding Properties of Bismuth Borate Glasses Doped with Different Concentrations of Cadmium Oxides, Ceramics International, vol.46, pp.12718- 12727.
Amato, E. and Lizio, D. (2009), Plastic materials as a radiation shield for β − sources: a comparative study through Monte Carlo calculation, J. Radiol. Prot.,vol.29, no.2, pp.239–250.
A Mangiarotti and M N Martins. (2017), A review of electron–nucleus bremsstrahlung cross sections between 1 and 10 MeV, Radiation Physics and Chemistry,vol.141,pp.312-338.
Daniel R. McAlister. (2018), Gamma Ray Attenuation Properties of Common Shielding Materials, PG Research Foundation, Inc. University Lane Lisle, USA, June 18.
Davis, J.R. (2001), Alloying: Understanding the Basics", ASM International.
Duaa Abed Salim, and Sameera Ahmed Ebrahim. (2019) Measurement of Radon concentration in College of Education, Ibn Al- Haitham buildings using Rad-7 and CR-39 detector, Energy Procedia, vol.157, pp. 918–925.
H.C. Manjunatha. (2020), Empirical formula for beta-particle-induced bremsstrahlung yields, Pramana – J. Phys., vol. 94, no. 1.
James, E, Turner. (2007), Atoms, radiation and radiation protection", WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA, Weinheim.
M. Wang ,G.Audi, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X.Xu and B. Pfeiffer. ( 2012), The Ame2012 atomic mass evaluation,Chinese Physics C,vol. 36, no.12, pp.1603–2014.
Martin J.E. (2006) Physics for Radiation Protection, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 3rd ed.
Michael F. (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis, (USA), Elsevier Science.
Mirji, Rajeshwari and Lobo, Blaise. (2017), Radiation shielding materials: A brief review on methods, scope and significance, In Proceedings of the National Conference on Advances in VLSI and Microelectronics, Huballi, India, pp.96-100.
Murtadha S Nayyef ., Naz T Jarallah. (2019) Study Mass Parabola and Most Stable Isobar from Some Isobaric Nuclides, AIP Conference Proceedings. 2190, 020007.
Nadin Jamal Abu Al Roos, Azman Mira Natasha, Amin Noor fatin Aida Baharul and Zainona, Rafidah. (2020), Tungsten-based material as promising new lead-free gamma radiation shielding material in nuclear medicine, Physica Medica, vol.78, pp.48-57.
Serkan Akkoyun, Tuncay Bayram, Nihat Yildiz. (2016), Estimations of Radiation Yields for Electrons in Various Absorbing Materials, Science Journal (CSJ), vol. 37, no.2, pp. 59-65.
Sharma, H.,Rawal, N. and Mathew, B. B. (2015), The Characteristics, Toxicity and Effects of Cadmium, International Journal of Nanotechnology and Nano science, vol. 3, pp.1-9.
Thomas E. Johnson. (2017) Introduction to Health Physics, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.
Thomas, G. A. and Symonds, P. (2016) Radiation Exposure and Health Effects – is it Time to Reassess the Real Consequences, Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 231–236.
R.Wesley, Pelt, Van and Drzyzga, Michael. (2007), Beta Radiation Shielding with Lead and Plastic Effect on Bremsstrahlung Radiation when Switching the Shielding Order, The Radiation Safety Journal, vol. 92, no.1, pp.13–17.